Development Of A Child Through An Interview Essay

The purpose of this assignment is to closely observe the development of a child through an interview and apply the theories and concept of child development in his particular cultural and educational context. I selected the child who lives in my neighborhood for the interview and began with seeking the permission from his parents. The child’s name is ‘Abdullah’ and he is seven years old. He lives with his family in Terre Haute and his family consists of parents and two sisters. Abdullah goes to Sugar Grove Elementary School in the Terre Haute city along with his two sisters and he is in grade 2. The interview was conducted at his home and I ensured his convenience. He was cooperative and provided insightful responses to the questions and he provided significant detail in the interview. I was able to track his development stages and connect it to different theories of Developmental Psychology including psychoanalytical perspectives and Piaget’s stages of dev elopment. In the following paragraphs, I will explain my observations about Abdullah’s development in the light of developmental theories with special focus on cognitive, social, linguistic, and emotional development followed by making connections between his socioeconomic and cultural background and development. Lastly, I will conclude paper by highlighting that the observations during the interview can facilitate my future practice as a teacher. The interview started with questions about family members, parents andShow MoreRelatedEffectiveness Of Academic Writing On Research Writing1732 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent styles of scholarly writing and each of the writing has certain format that students will have to follow for their field of study. Research paper is one of the writing that students will encounter in their major classes. In my past Child Development class, especially CHDV 123 writing research paper was required in the class. After writing the literature revie w about observation and how the observer have to be sure that the information he or she present have to be valid, it made me thinkRead MoreEvaluation Of A Psychology Experiment1113 Words   |  5 Pagesknew the child they were interviewing. Before interviewing the child, the experimenter asked the parent of the child if it was ok to ask the child some questions for a psychology experiment. Materials Items necessary to complete the experiment were a computer to type up the responses from the child being interviewed and a phone to call the intended child if the interview was not conducted face to face. Procedure Age groups were assigned based on the people in the class who knew a child withinRead More Cognitive and Moral Development of Children Essay1479 Words   |  6 PagesCognitive and moral developments are determined by a child’s experience and environment. As the child matures into adulthood they begin to view the world differently. The capacity to imagine what other people may be thinking and feeling is defined as perspective taking (Berk, 2007). This view aids in adolescents moral understanding and development. Identifying a child’s developmental stage assists in determining the proper support that is needed in order to provide a safe and nourishing environmentRead MoreHow Do Early Childhood Practitioners Use Research Techniques Develop Their Understanding Of Children s Needs And Development1427 Words   |  6 PagesThe present work analyses the findings of an interview to a practitioner, with the purpose to find out How do Early Childhood Practitioners use research techniques to develop their understanding of children’s needs and development. The practitioner interviewed is an Assistant Teacher in a nursery. She is working with children 3 to 4 years old. She has Level 2 and 3 In Early Childhood Studies and another courses that complete her education. Currently she is studying level 4 and 5 part time in theRead MoreChild Development Case Study Essay1027 Words   |  5 Pageson interviewing a child for cognitive development was insightful, and gave me a first hand look at how a child’s mind matures with age. N.G., 4 years, 11 months, embodied all I could ask for in a child to conduct such an interview on. Nearing her fifth birthday in the upcoming week, her age is central between ages three and seven, providing me with information that is certainly conducive to our study. Within moments upon entry into our interview it was apparent that my child fell into the preoperationalRead MoreThe Journal Article : Linking Lack Of Care936 Words   |  4 Pagesanxious-ambivalent attachment styles in the development in anxiety disorders (Schimmenti 42). Recently, the idea of emotional neglect â€Å"playing a key role† (Schimmenti 41) in the development of anxiety disorder has been a growing interest for Psychology researchers. Emotional neglect happens when a parent unintentionally overlooks the signs that that a child needs attention or comfort and not fulfilling a child’s emotional needs. Examples of this behavior includes: rejecting the child, withholding love, constantRead MoreSoci al And Emotional Development Of Children1094 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity Social Emotional Development Field Assignment 1 Solis 1 Introduction: Emotional expression is the manner in which an individual expresses their emotions according to the situation they are in. This is an important component in social and emotional development of children, because when a child knows how to express their emotionsRead MoreCaregivers and Parenting Roles809 Words   |  3 PagesWhat are the three stages that caregivers typically pass through? Explain each stage and examine which stage you may be in. As caregivers we go through at least three stages relating to parents. Caregivers can expect to go through these stages when they start working with children. Caregivers need to have some type of relationship with the parents of the children they are caring for. Therefore, the caregivers must interact with the child as well as the parents. Relationship between parents and caregiversRead MoreArticle Review: â€Å"If I Killed You, I’d Get the Kids: Women’s Survival and Protection Work with Child Custody and Access in the Context of Woman Abuse† 1244 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION The main aim of the â€Å"If I Killed You, I’d Get the Kids: Women’s Survival and Protection Work with Child Custody and Access in the Context of Woman Abuse† article, was to propose, â€Å"how women work to negotiate formal systems in relation to child custody and access in the context of woman abuse† (Varcoe Irwin, 2004, p. 78). Academic and community researchers, including a social action group, collaboratively conducted the entire article in two adjacent suburban communities in WesternRead MoreA Research Study On The Social Sciences1466 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Concerted Cultivation? Parenting Values, Education and Class Diversity, is a study into the effects of class diversity and parental values of the importance of modern child education, uses a mixed method of investigation. The research takes into account previous studies into class diversity and parental roles in children’s development and socialisation. The research question of the study is not made clear at the beginning of the article to suggest an aim as to what the study seeks to explain, though

Parda in Islam - 2165 Words

PARDA (VEIL) IN THE LIGHT OF QURAN AND SUNNAH ABSTRACT The cold war began between the religions and the best subject for west is women to create uncertainty between religions. They are continuously hitting Muslim women with the weapon of Human Rights. From last couple of years the big issue is revolving in west and it create many mess is Parda(veil). The say that parda is human rights violation and Parda humiliates the women dignity. But the Noble Quran says Parda (veil) creates respectful environment for women. If we read bible it also taught women the importance of Parda(veil). In Old Testament we read Rebekah also looked up and saw Isaac. She got down from her camel and asked the servant, â€Å"Who is that man in the field coming to†¦show more content†¦The state and the religious right have no right to interfere in the personal lives of individuals. Every woman has the right to choose. Most Muslims think that it is wrong to force women to remove the veil, but for some it is not wrong to force women to wear the veil. Socialists oppose a ban on the veil but they also oppose the forced wearing of the veil. This debate is mainly focused on Muslim communities living in Europe. But very few things have been said about Muslim women of the so-called Islamic countries. ( http://www.socialistworld.net/doc/2554) Quran: The Quran is a complete record of the exact words revealed by Allah through the Angel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad (Sal-Allaho-Alay-hay-Wasal-lam). It’s the principal source of every Muslim’s faith and practice. It deals with all subjects that concern us as human beings; wisdom, doctrine, worship, and law. But its basic theme is the relationship between Allah and His creatures. At the same time the Quran provides guidelines for a just society, proper human conduct and equitable economic principles. Apart from the Quran, Muslims also refer to the life of the Prophet Muhammad (Sal-Allaho-Alay-hay-Wasal-lam). http://www.cometoislam.com/quran.htm Hadith: Hadeeth means the words, actions, approval or attributes that have been narrated from the Messenger (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him). A hadeeth may either confirm things that are mentionedShow MoreRelatedThe Analytical Foundation Of Agenda Setting1757 Words   |  8 Pages not a religious one. However, Islamic scholars reasoned that the Western culture through strong media and propaganda invaded the Muslims’ culture. They spoiled Islam’s basic norms, values, and culture as there were clear cut instructions about ‘Parda’ (veil/hijab/niqab/burqa) for women in Surah Ahzab and Surah Noor (Al-Qur’an). Scholars added, therefore, the women in Muslim societies were bound to cover themselves properly while they are outside or work including maintaining veil in home basedRead MoreThe Analytical Foundation Of Agenda Setting Essay1833 Words   |  8 Pagesnot a religious one. However, Islamic scholars reasoned that the Western culture through str ong media and propaganda invaded the Muslims’ culture. They spoiled Islam’s basic norms, values, and culture as there were clear cut instructions about ‘Parda’ (Veil/veil) for women in Surah Ahzab and Surah Noor (Al-Qur’an). Scholars added, therefore, the working women in Muslim societies were bound to cover themselves properly while they are outside or work including maintaining Veil in home based uponRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legalized in Pakistan? Essay examples1898 Words   |  8 Pagesreasons that why they have choose this profession. The conclusion says that prostitution should be legalized because society or the state is no one to interfere in the privacy of anyone but still as this country, Pakistan was founded on the basis of Islam so it will be against the ideology of this country to legalize something that is not according to it and it can cause many adverse consequences. But this claim does not contain any evidence; some people say that legalizing prostitution would increaseRead MorePortrayal of Female Harassment Issues in Tv Dramas; a Pakistani Media Perspective3716 Words   |  15 Pages I will mention a saying of Hazrat Imam Hussain (AS) â€Å"Do not be aggressive towards a person who has nobody to defend against you except Allah†. Never take a false oath by Allah as a witness keeping hand on Quran, as it is one of the major sins in Islam. Do not make your oaths a means of deceiving one another or your foot will slip after it was firmly placed and you will taste evil for barring access to the way of Allah and you will have a terrible punishment. (Quran: Nahl, 16:92) Those who sellRead MoreCuases Impact of Rural - Urban Migration from District Swabi to Peshawar14595 Words   |  59 PagesAND VANDALS. THESE MIGRANTS HAS AN ECONOMIC CHARACTER AND WERE CAUSE ULTIMATELY BY THE PRESSURE OF THE NOMAD HUNS OF THE MONGOLIA. Arabia another migratory countries sent forth it’s last great steam in the seventh century AD, under the banner of Islam within few decades the Arabs over run much of North Africa and Middle east. By the early eighth century they had moved as for as in the Indus Valley in the east and southern France in the West. With the Western Mediterranean in Muslims hands the

Is the Internet a Blessing or a Curse for the Millenial Generation Free Essays

Name: Olamide Basorun E-mail address: olamidebasorun@yahoo. com Telephone number: 080258693012 Is the internet a Blessing or Curse for the Millennial Generation? By: Olamide Basorun Internet has been, perhaps, the most outstanding innovation in the field of communication in the history of mankind. As with every single innovation, the internet has its own advantages and disadvantages. We will write a custom essay sample on Is the Internet a Blessing or a Curse for the Millenial Generation? or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, I believe that there is a greater magnitude of advantages and these undoubtedly outweigh the disadvantages. During his evolutionary journey from Neanderthal to Homo erectus and then to Homo sapiens, man has come a long way. Because of his continuous quest for more and more amenities and facilities, he has been able to invent many new things. The nineties have seen a major turn around with the invention of computers. Until, a few years back, the term Internet was practically synonymous to most of the people. But today, the Internet has become the most powerful communication tool for people throughout the world. With the advent of Internet, our earth has virtually reduced and has attained the form of a global village. The Internet has now become the best business tool in the modern scenario. Today, it has brought the world in one single room. Right from getting news across the corner of the world to accessing knowledge resources to shopping, everything is at your fingertips. The Internet has tremendous potential and a lot to offer in terms of services such as faster communication. The foremost target of Internet has always been speedy communication and it has excelled way beyond the expectations. Newer innovations are only going to make it faster and more reliable. Now, you can communicate in a fraction of second with a person who is sitting in the other part of the world. For more personal and interactive communication, you can avail the facilities of chat services, video conferencing and so on. Besides, there are plenty of messenger services in offering. With the help of such services, it has become very easy to establish a kind of global friendship where you can share your thoughts and explore other cultures. Moreover, the internet is an excellent avenue to collect information resources. Information is probably the biggest advantage that the Internet offers. The internet is a virtual treasure trove of information. Any kind of information on any topic under the sun is available on the Internet. The search engines like Google, Yahoo are at your service on the Internet. There is a huge amount of information available on the Internet for just about every subject known to man, ranging from government law and services, trade fairs and conferences, market information, new ideas and technical support, the list is simply endless. Students and children are among the top users who surf the Internet for research. Today, it is almost required that students should use it for research or the purpose of gathering resources. Even teachers have started giving assignments that require extensive research on the Internet. Besides, you can have an access to the latest researches in the field of medicine, technology and so on. Numerous web sites such as America’s Doctor also allow you to talk to the doctors online and receive medical diagnosis without going through the stress of going to a hospital and avoid the embarrassment of face to face consultations. Entertainment is another popular raison d’etre why many people prefer to surf the Internet. In fact, the Internet has become quite successful in trapping the multifaceted entertainment industry. Downloading games or just surfing the celebrity websites are some of the uses people have discovered. Even celebrities are using the Internet effectively for promotional campaigns. Besides, there are numerous games that can be downloaded for free. The industry of online gaming has tasted dramatic and phenomenal attention by game lovers. The Internet has made life very convenient. With numerous online services you can now perform all your transactions online. You can book tickets for a movie, transfer funds, pay utility bills, taxes etc. , right from your home. Some travel websites even plan an Itinerary as per your preferences and take care of airline tickets, hotel reservations etc. Also the concept of e-commerce is used for any type of commercial manoeuvring or business deals that involves the transfer of information across the globe via the Internet. It has become a phenomenon associated with any kind of shopping, business deal etc. You name a service, and e-commerce with its giant tentacles engulfing every single product and ervice will make it available at your doorstep. Websites such as eBay allow you to even bid for homes, buy, sell or auction stuff online. As much as the internet is exceptionally useful it has its own disadvantages such as theft of personal information if you use the Internet for online banking, social networking or other services, you may risk a theft to your personal information such as name, address, credit ca rd number and so on. Unscrupulous people can access this information through unsecured connections or by planting software and then use your personal details for their benefit. Needless to say, this may land you in serious trouble. Also the issue of spamming presents a serious problem for the internet. Spamming refers to sending unwanted e-mails in bulk, which provide no purpose and needlessly obstruct the entire system. Such illegal activities can be very frustrating for you as it makes your Internet slower and less reliable. Along with these problems Internet users are often plagued by virus attacks on their systems. Virus programs are inconspicuous and may get activated if you click a seemingly harmless link. Computers connected to the Internet are prone to targeted virus attacks and may end up crashing. Pornography is causing a lot of problems for under aged internet users . Pornography is perhaps the biggest disadvantage of the Internet. Internet allows you to access and download millions of pornographic photos, videos and other X-rated files. Such unrestricted access to porn can be detrimental for children and teenagers. It can even place havoc in the marital and social lives of adults. Thanks to the Internet, people now not only meet on social networks. More and more people are getting engulfed in virtual world and drifting apart from their friends and family. Even children prefer to play online games rather than going out and mingling with other kids. This may hamper a healthy social development in children. Thus, the Internet has the potential to make your life simple and convenient, as well as wreak havoc in your life. Its influence is mostly dictated by the choices you make while you are online. With clever use, you can manage to harness its unlimited potential. How to cite Is the Internet a Blessing or a Curse for the Millenial Generation?, Papers Is the Internet a Blessing or a Curse for the Millenial Generation Free Essays Name: Olamide Basorun E-mail address: olamidebasorun@yahoo. com Telephone number: 080258693012 Is the internet a Blessing or Curse for the Millennial Generation? By: Olamide Basorun Internet has been, perhaps, the most outstanding innovation in the field of communication in the history of mankind. As with every single innovation, the internet has its own advantages and disadvantages. We will write a custom essay sample on Is the Internet a Blessing or a Curse for the Millenial Generation? or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, I believe that there is a greater magnitude of advantages and these undoubtedly outweigh the disadvantages. During his evolutionary journey from Neanderthal to Homo erectus and then to Homo sapiens, man has come a long way. Because of his continuous quest for more and more amenities and facilities, he has been able to invent many new things. The nineties have seen a major turn around with the invention of computers. Until, a few years back, the term Internet was practically synonymous to most of the people. But today, the Internet has become the most powerful communication tool for people throughout the world. With the advent of Internet, our earth has virtually reduced and has attained the form of a global village. The Internet has now become the best business tool in the modern scenario. Today, it has brought the world in one single room. Right from getting news across the corner of the world to accessing knowledge resources to shopping, everything is at your fingertips. The Internet has tremendous potential and a lot to offer in terms of services such as faster communication. The foremost target of Internet has always been speedy communication and it has excelled way beyond the expectations. Newer innovations are only going to make it faster and more reliable. Now, you can communicate in a fraction of second with a person who is sitting in the other part of the world. For more personal and interactive communication, you can avail the facilities of chat services, video conferencing and so on. Besides, there are plenty of messenger services in offering. With the help of such services, it has become very easy to establish a kind of global friendship where you can share your thoughts and explore other cultures. Moreover, the internet is an excellent avenue to collect information resources. Information is probably the biggest advantage that the Internet offers. The internet is a virtual treasure trove of information. Any kind of information on any topic under the sun is available on the Internet. The search engines like Google, Yahoo are at your service on the Internet. There is a huge amount of information available on the Internet for just about every subject known to man, ranging from government law and services, trade fairs and conferences, market information, new ideas and technical support, the list is simply endless. Students and children are among the top users who surf the Internet for research. Today, it is almost required that students should use it for research or the purpose of gathering resources. Even teachers have started giving assignments that require extensive research on the Internet. Besides, you can have an access to the latest researches in the field of medicine, technology and so on. Numerous web sites such as America’s Doctor also allow you to talk to the doctors online and receive medical diagnosis without going through the stress of going to a hospital and avoid the embarrassment of face to face consultations. Entertainment is another popular raison d’etre why many people prefer to surf the Internet. In fact, the Internet has become quite successful in trapping the multifaceted entertainment industry. Downloading games or just surfing the celebrity websites are some of the uses people have discovered. Even celebrities are using the Internet effectively for promotional campaigns. Besides, there are numerous games that can be downloaded for free. The industry of online gaming has tasted dramatic and phenomenal attention by game lovers. The Internet has made life very convenient. With numerous online services you can now perform all your transactions online. You can book tickets for a movie, transfer funds, pay utility bills, taxes etc. , right from your home. Some travel websites even plan an Itinerary as per your preferences and take care of airline tickets, hotel reservations etc. Also the concept of e-commerce is used for any type of commercial manoeuvring or business deals that involves the transfer of information across the globe via the Internet. It has become a phenomenon associated with any kind of shopping, business deal etc. You name a service, and e-commerce with its giant tentacles engulfing every single product and ervice will make it available at your doorstep. Websites such as eBay allow you to even bid for homes, buy, sell or auction stuff online. As much as the internet is exceptionally useful it has its own disadvantages such as theft of personal information if you use the Internet for online banking, social networking or other services, you may risk a theft to your personal information such as name, address, credit ca rd number and so on. Unscrupulous people can access this information through unsecured connections or by planting software and then use your personal details for their benefit. Needless to say, this may land you in serious trouble. Also the issue of spamming presents a serious problem for the internet. Spamming refers to sending unwanted e-mails in bulk, which provide no purpose and needlessly obstruct the entire system. Such illegal activities can be very frustrating for you as it makes your Internet slower and less reliable. Along with these problems Internet users are often plagued by virus attacks on their systems. Virus programs are inconspicuous and may get activated if you click a seemingly harmless link. Computers connected to the Internet are prone to targeted virus attacks and may end up crashing. Pornography is causing a lot of problems for under aged internet users . Pornography is perhaps the biggest disadvantage of the Internet. Internet allows you to access and download millions of pornographic photos, videos and other X-rated files. Such unrestricted access to porn can be detrimental for children and teenagers. It can even place havoc in the marital and social lives of adults. Thanks to the Internet, people now not only meet on social networks. More and more people are getting engulfed in virtual world and drifting apart from their friends and family. Even children prefer to play online games rather than going out and mingling with other kids. This may hamper a healthy social development in children. Thus, the Internet has the potential to make your life simple and convenient, as well as wreak havoc in your life. Its influence is mostly dictated by the choices you make while you are online. With clever use, you can manage to harness its unlimited potential. How to cite Is the Internet a Blessing or a Curse for the Millenial Generation?, Essay examples

Cloning Essay Research Paper CLONINGCloning humans has free essay sample

Cloning Essay, Research Paper Cloning Cloning worlds has late become a possibility that seems much more possible in today s society sunburn it was 20 old ages ago. It is a method that involves the production of a group of indistinguishable cells or beings that all originate from a individual person. It is non known when or how cloning worlds truly became a possibility, but is known that there are two possible ways that we can clone worlds. The first manner involves dividing an embryo into several halves and making many new persons from that embryo. The 2nd method of cloning a human involves taking cells from an already bing human being cloning them, in bend making other persons that are indistinguishable to that peculiar individual. With these two methods about at our fingertips, we must inquire ourselves two really import inquiries. Can we make this, and should we? There is no uncertainty that many jobs affecting the technological and ethical sides of this issue will come up and will be virtually impossible to avoid, bu t the overall thought of cloning worlds is one that we should accept as a possible world for the hereafter. Cloning worlds is an thought that has ever been thought of as something that could be found in scientific discipline fiction novels, but neer as a construct that society could really see. Crazy thoughts about cloning prevarication in many scientific discipline fiction books and frighten the populace with their incredible possibilities. David Rorvik wrote a extremely controversial book entitled IN HIS IMAGE. In it he describes the narrative of a affluent adult male who decides to clone himself. He is successful in making this and causes rather an uprise in his community. This book was written in the late 1970ss and even so, societies reaction to the issues of human cloning was by and large a negative 1. We face a job today even greater than the 1 in this book and it involves the duplicate of human existences in a society that has ever been known for its difference. The chief issue as to whether or non human cloning is possible through the splitting of embryos began in 1993 when experimentation was done at George Washington University Medical Center in Washington, D.C. There Dr. Jerry Hall experimented with the possibility o f human cloning and began this moral and ethical argument. There it was concluded that cloning is non something that can be done as of now, but it is rather a possibility for the hereafter. These scientists experimented thirstily in purposes of larning how to clone human. Shannon Brownie of U.S. News A ; World Report writes, Hall and other scientists split individual worlds embryos into indistinguishable transcripts, a engineering that opens a Pandora s box of ethical inquiries and has sparked a storm of contention around the universe. They attempted to make 17 human embryos in a laboratory dish and when it had grown plenty, separated them into forty-either single cells. Two of the detached cells survived for a few yearss i n the lab developed into new human embryos smaller than the caput of pin and consisting of 32 cells each. Although we can non clone a human yet, this experiment occurred about two old ages ago and triggered about an ethical exigency. Evidence from these experiments got unusual reactions from the populace. Shannon Brownie claims, The Vatican condemned the engineering of this experiment as being perverse, one German magazine called the research unscrupulous. This experiment opened the possibilities of cloning to society and, even though it was unsuccessful, led people to inquire themselves what they would make if cloning were to go on. Common replies to the puzzling inquiries about worlds and cloning are still seeking to be answered today, and scientists and the populace are eager to larn all they can about cloning. Many beginnings province that cloning is merely merely an extension of fertilisation, but the root of cloning goes farther than that. Cloning embryos is different from the familial procedure of in vitro fertilisation, but still holds many similarities with it. For illustration, the procedure of fertilisation is reasonably straightforward, it involves taking an egg from the adult female and taking sperm from the adult male. The embryo is therefore formed and implanted into the adult female s uterus. The embryo develops usually and is born with unpredictable features of both the adult male and the adult female. The offspring ends up as alone single and excepting the particular instance of twins has no the human being precisely like it. It uses on embryo that is form the get downing a distinguishable person and creates merely one homo that is fundamentally wholly original. Cloning besides goes through this same procedure, but it is unlike fertilisation in that it takes the same type embryo and destroys its originality through duplicate. Research on fertilisation helps to better its technique and besides AIDSs in scien tists their hunt for better ways to clone worlds. Since scientists have already done a great trade with fertilisation, inquiries affecting the should we aspect of the issue frequently comes up. What excess small step has to be taken to do a ringer a twosome undergoing fertilisation, and what would go on in our value of worlds with this new world? Another big facet to see is how much money the are of genetic sciences utilizations every twelvemonth. When cloning comes about society net incomes will increase, and people will be willing to pay anything for a ringer of themselves. It is such a dearly-won from of engineering. Society will make all sorts of things for money. A type of black market for embryos could easy someday develop. Parents already spend a great trade of money on fertilisation, and who knows how much they would be willing to pay for cloning their kids? The inquiry as to what cloning would make to society organize both the moral and economic point of views comes to the decision that for the most portion cloning is excessively expensive and excessively unsafe. On the positive side of this issue, nevertheless, embryologic cloning could be a valuable tool for the perusal of human development, genetically modifying embryos, and look intoing new graft engineerings. Using cloning to merchandise offspring for variety meats is an issue that we must besides confront and oppugn whether or non it is morally right. No 1 will state that it is all right to kill a human being for the interest of their variety meats but many have no expostulations to cloning 1000s and of persons that look likewise. Merely believe, how would you explicate cloning to your kids, and what would their positions about society be? One of the many inquiries brought up was sing whether or non cloning should be an option for parents that are sing holding kids. Some people believe that cloning should take its chief focal point to assisting sterile twosomes and they will probably reason that there is nil incorrect with it. The barely concealed premise that anything that helps overcome sterility is morally appropriate. Cloning is noted to be better for handling sterility in the sense that it can extinguish wellness jobs with the kid organize the beginning. This proves to be good in the manner that a twosome is more than probably guaranteed a healthy kid. Cloning does non, nevertheless, ever turn out to be good. For illustration, in the instance where a certain disease is no the rise and one of say three ringers get it. The immune system of the other two ringers is indistinguishable which proves that they have no guard against diseases. Since embryologic cloning has non been successful yet, no existent experiments like the one performed at George Washington University have been done yet. We do cognize, nevertheless, know that cloning from an already bing human adult male efficaciously work in the close hereafter. In a film called, Boys signifier Brazil, two ringers of Hitler are purportedly produced from a cell obtained incorporating Hitler s cistrons. This cell was in bend joined with an egg, and an embryo was formed incorporating entirely the cistrons of Hitler with merely the necessary 1s from the Woman. This scientific discipline fiction-like experiment was done for many grounds, but it was largely intended to prove the ringers behavior off organize one another and to see if any certain family of attitude can be passed on from one ringer to another. The male childs in this film seem to demo this program through their little shows of Hitler s personality traits even after being raised apart with wholly different life styles. Surveies of how cloned persons would associate to one another are found with the experiment of twins separated at birth and raised in two really difference environments. Because nature makes its ain ringers through the procedure of twins, it is easy to research about how a ringer might experience and how they would respond to holding another ringer around them. Environment plays a large portion in finding how a ringer may turn out in The Boys from Brazil, both male childs develop their ain personalities but still seem to hold many similarities with one another. Many parents have great concern in respects to holding a kid that has been cloned. However, there are many aroused parents looking frontward to this discovery in engineering. By looking at the many different grounds for cloning a kid, one can break understand why it may look appealing to parents. Cloning signifier an already bing homo will supply the chance there are many aroused parents looking frontward to this discovery in engineering. By looking at the many different grounds for cloning a kid, one can break understand why it may look appealing to parents. Cloning from an already bing homo will supply the chance for parents to pick their thought. Whether or non cloning happens with embryos or grownups, assorted groups in society may respond really otherwise to it. For illustration, there are many spiritual groups that feel cloning should non be considered for any grounds whatsoever. Richard McCormick for Christian Century, believes that human cloning is an highly societal affair, non a inquiry of mere personal privateness. I see three dimensions to the moral inquiry the integrity of life, the individualism of life, and the regard for life. In his article base Don faith and cloning, he explains that all animals come signifier God with their ain certain singularity about them. He points out the fact that the pre-embryo is human and is populating even in its first phases of development. This somehow parallels to the issue of abortion and whether or non human cloning is an highly societal affair, non a inquiry of mere personal privateness. No affair what we say or do, research for cloning will steadily go on and even more moral and ethical issues will originate. Who knows which of the two sorts of cloning will go the most popular in the hereafter, but right now the chief base we need to take is whether or non it can be done and should be done. Who knows if human cloning done in research labs soon will travel beyond the research lab and affect persons lives. What we do cognize nevertheless, is that cloning seems to really appealing in some facets and really scaring in others. Barbara Ehrenreich makes a rather humourous wordplay noticing on coming possibility of ringer worlds. She states, When the engineering arrives for cloning grownup persons, familial immortality should be within range of the mean multimillionaire. Ross Perot will be followed by a flock of small re-Rosses.

One

Introduction In an effort to use aptitude as well as students’ achievement among several demographic variables in determining high school seniors’ choice of career after high school, a survey was conducted among over 500 students.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on One-Way Manova specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A one way multivariate analysis of variance was then conducted with â€Å"collplan† being the predictor variable whereas student’s career plan in college after high school had nine categorical variables including: agricultural college, no plans yet, liberal arts, none, engineering college, music/arts, teacher college, other and university. The quantitative outcome variables in this dataset were â€Å"abstract†- a test of abstract reasoning and â€Å"creative†- a test of creativity. The One-Way MANOVA was conducted in an attempt to answer the following question: How w ell do the categorical predictor variable â€Å"factors† (levels) predict scores on a.) a measure of abstract reasoning ability, and b.) a measure of creativity? After conducting a One-Way MANOVA on the dataset using SPSS, the results of the analyses were presented and interpreted as described in below. The author hypothesizes that categorical predictor variables (none, Teacher College, agricultural college, engineering college, liberal arts, music/arts, university, other, and no plans yet) are significant predictors of scores on a measure of abstract thinking ability and scores on a measure of creativity. This has been explained by the descriptive statistics as well as the MANOVA test, specifically the Wilk’s lambda and the between-subject effects of the variables. Descriptive Statistics The GLM statistics for between-subjects factors indicated that there were 178 seniors who did not plan to join any of the listed institutions in this study and this was the highest nu mber of students. This was followed by students who had plans of joining university and these amounted to 88 students. The third largest category of seniors had plans of doing liberal arts and these amounted to 59 students.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These were followed by 57 students who had â€Å"other† plans after high school. The number of those who had no plans yet was equal to that of students who wished to join a teachers college (38 students). There were 29 seniors who had plans of joining an engineering college, 11 who wished to do music/arts and finally only 4 students had plans of joining an agricultural college after high school (Table 1). From the descriptive statistics (Table 2), it is evident that having significant differences between the dependent variable and the independent variables may be somewhat impossible since some categorical variables have very large cell sizes (N) which are many times larger than the smallest cell size. For instance, the cell size for â€Å"none† is 178 whereas â€Å"agricultural college†, the smallest cell size has a size of N =4. For the fixed factor â€Å"abstract†, the mean abstract thinking for seniors who did not have plans after college (â€Å"none†) was 8.94, SD = 2.616 whereas the mean for those who had plans of joining a teacher college was the same as that of students who had plans of joining university i.e. 10.37, SD= 2.509 and 10.37, SD = 2.709 respectively and these were the highest means for the â€Å"abstract† category. The lowest mean was for students who wished to join an agricultural college, mean = 7.25, SD = 2.50 followed by those who did not have plans yet, mean = 8.84, SD = 2.881. The means for students who aspired to join an engineering college, do liberal arts and those who planned to do music/arts were 10.17 SD = 2.156, 9.97 SD = 3.129 and 10.09 SD= 2.914 respectively. Finally, the mean for abstract thinking for seniors who had other plans other than those included in the study was 9.74, SD = 2.482. Table 3 indicates that the 95% CI for â€Å"none† in predicting the abstract reasoning ability of high school students was 8.549 – 9.338 whereas the CI for â€Å"teacher college† on predicting the abstract reasoning ability was 95% CI (9.515 – 11.222). The 95 percent CI for â€Å"agricultural college† on determining abstract thinking was 4.619 – 9.881 whereas that of â€Å"engineering college† was 9.915 – 11.150. The confidence interval for â€Å"liberal arts† in determining abstract thinking was 95% CI (9.281 – 10.651) while the 95 percent CI for â€Å"music/arts† was 8.504 – 11.678. The 95% CI for â€Å"university† as a predictor of abstract thinking was 9.814 – 10.936 while the confidence interval for â€Å"other† was 95% CI (9.040 – 10.434). Finally the CI for â€Å"no plans yet,† as a determinant of abstract thinking was 95% CI (7.988 – 9.696). It is clear that all the categorical variables have their CI ranging from positive lower boundary value to a positive upper boundary value. This implies that the set of data is somewhat normally distributed as earlier confirmed by the Levene’s F statistic.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on One-Way Manova specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Table 3 also indicates that the 95% CI for â€Å"none† in predicting the creativity level of high school students was 8.084 – -9.163 whereas the CI for â€Å"teacher college† on predicting the creativity level was 95% CI (8.516 – 10.852). The 95 percent CI for â€Å"agricultural college† on determining creativity was 7.901 – 15.099 whereas that of â€Å"engineering college† was 11 .146 – 13.820. The confidence interval for â€Å"liberal arts† in determining creativity level of high school seniors was 95% CI (10.673 – 12.547) while the 95 percent CI for â€Å"music/arts† was 86.920 – 11.261. The 95% CI for â€Å"university† as a predictor of creativity was 10.426 – 11.961 while the confidence interval for â€Å"other† was 95% CI (8.625 – 10.532). Lastly, the CI for â€Å"no plans yet,† as a determinant of creativity was 95% CI (7.648 – 9.984). Again, it is clear that all the categorical variables have their CI ranging from positive lower boundary value to a positive upper boundary value. This implies that the set of data is somewhat normally distributed as earlier confirmed by the Levene’s F statistic. According to Table 1, the mean for creativity test score (â€Å"creative†) for students who had plans of joining an engineering college was the highest, 12.48, SD = 3.203 whereas the creativity score for seniors who did not want to do anything after college was the lowest, 8.62, SD = 3.378. Students who had plans of doing liberal arts after school had a higher mean creativity score, 11.61 SD = 4.115, compared to those who had plans of joining an agricultural college,11.50 SD = 4.796, or joining university, 11.19 SD= 3.977. The mean creativity score for seniors who had â€Å"other plans† after college was relatively low, 9.58 SD =3.822, but this was higher than the mean of those who had â€Å"no plans yet†, 8.82 SD = 3.220 or those who planned to do music/arts, 9.09 SD= 4.636. Finally, the mean creativity test score for seniors who had plans of joining a teacher college was 9.68, SD = 3.557. Box’s M Statistic and Wilk’s Lambda The Box’s M statistic is useful for determining homogeneity of covariance existing across the various groups of categorical variables. The significance level is usually set at p.001. In this an alyses, the Box’s M = 23.586. The F Test for Box’s M= 23.586, F (24, 3373.80) =.925, p =.568, which is greater than p =.001 (Table 4).Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This implies that there existed no significant differences between the covariance matrices and therefore the assumption of homogeneity of covariance across the groups was not violated. This also gives us a green light to use the Wilk’s Lambda test for the analyses. Since the Box’s M test is non-significant and has proved Wilk’s Lambda as a good test for MANOVA, a MANOVA test was conducted and interpreted using the Wilk’s Lambda test. The significance level was considered at p.05. Table 5 therefore indicates the Wilk’s Lambda =.851, F (18, 984) = 4.603, p =.001. The F value for Wilk’s Lambda is significant indicating that significant differences existed among the plans of seniors’ (â€Å"collplan†) after completing high school on a linear combination of the abstract test score and creativity test scores (dependent variables). In addition, the Wilk’s lambda is large i.e. greater than.8 thus indicating that the null hypothe sis that the categorical factors can be used to determine the student’s creativity and abstract reasoning ability, is supported. Levene’s F Test In a MANOVA test, the Levene’s test is useful in determining whether there are any differences in variances/covariance of every variable across the groups. For the assumption to be maintained that no variance exists across the groups, the Levene’s F should be non-significant, otherwise the assumption is violated (Field, 2009). The Levene’s F for â€Å"abstract† was F(9, 493) =.844, p =.576, indicating that the Levene’s F was not statistically significance (Table 6). It therefore means that there are no significant group differences in variance on the variable â€Å"abstract.† Moreover, the F value is small hence doubts that are brought about by large values of F regarding the null hypothesis are excluded (Tabachnick Fidell, 2001). On the other hand, the Levene’s F value for the variable â€Å"creative† was F(9, 493) = 1.400, p =.185 which also indicates that there are no significant differences in variance on the variable â€Å"creative†. Overall, it can be assumed that the dataset is normally distributed since variances differ insignificantly. Between-Subjects Effects The Wilk’s Lambda indicated that the MANOVA is significant thus it is appropriate to examine Table 7 which essentially provides the univariate results for the dependent variables (abstract and creative). The test of between-subjects effects indicate that the pairs of means for collplan i.e. abstract and creative are statistically different. For instance, the Mean Square for abstract was 24.322, F(9, 493) = 3.390, p =.001 whereas the Mean Square for creative was 99.880, F (9, 493) = 7.440, p =.001. The R squared value for abstract was.058 indicating that abstract reasoning equivalent to 5.8 percent of multivariate variance in the model was contributed by the student†™s career choice after high school i.e. students’ plans after high school. On the other hand, the R squared value for creative was.120 indicating that creative thinking contributed to 12 percent of multivariate variance in the model i.e. determining the students’ plans after college. It is therefore evident that creativity level of a student has a highly contributed by the student’s plans after high school compared to the contribution on the student’s abstract reasoning ability by the same. However it is important to note that both abstract reasoning ability and student’s creativity levels are significantly affected by the student’s career plans after high school. This is confirmed by the fact that F values for both variables are significant at the level of.001. In other words seniors’ plans after high school were significantly different depending on the student’s abstract reasoning ability (F(9, 493) = 3.390, p=.001) and stu dent’s creativity level (F(9, 493) = 7.440, p =.001). Summary The decisions of high school seniors regarding their plans on career choices after completing high school were evaluated based on the student’s abstract reasoning ability and creativity. Factors such as having no plans of a career choice after school, joining a teacher college, an engineering college, doing liberal arts, music/arts, joining university, any other plans or those who had no plans yet were used to determine the student’s abstract reasoning and the student’s creativity. It is evident that overall, most high school seniors did not have any career choice after completing high school. It is evident that most high school seniors do not prefer joining an agricultural college after high school as demonstrated by a low number of students (4) preferring to join an agricultural college. The highest number of high school seniors (88) would prefer to join university after high school, followed by those who would like to do liberal arts (59), and those who had other plans (57). The preference for joining either a teacher’s college or an engineering college was relatively high (38 and 29 students) whereas the preference for doing music/arts was relatively low (11 students only). Having plans of joining a teacher college and/or joining university translated to a high level of abstract reasoning among high school seniors. However, having plans of joining a teacher college translated to a lower creativity score compared to abstract reasoning ability. On the other hand, the creativity level increased with having plans of joining university compared to the effect of the same plan on abstract reasoning ability. Having plans of joining an engineering college was associated with a high creativity score which was beyond the abstract reasoning ability resulting from the same plans. While the lowest creativity score resulted from students not wanting to do anything after high schools, the lowest abstract reasoning ability emanated from planning to join an agricultural college after high school. Having plans of doing liberal arts translated to a higher creativity score than abstract reasoning score whereas having plans of doing music/arts after high school translated to a higher abstract reasoning ability compared to creativity level. There was only a very small difference in creativity level and abstract reasoning ability as a result of having â€Å"no plans yet† after completing high school. The creativity and abstract reasoning ability of high school senior students is demonstrated as being significantly affected by the student’s choice of career after high school. Creativity and abstract reasoning differs depending on whether the student has any plans of joining a specific career after high school or not. Overall, there is a higher creativity among high school students as a result of future career choice compared to the abstract reasonin g ability emanating from the same. In essence, up to 5.8 percent of abstract reasoning is as a result of the career choice a student has after high school whereas 12 percent of creativity is as a result of the student’s choice of career after completing high school. Reference Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS, Third Edition. San Diego, CA: SAGE Publications Ltd. Tabachnick, B. G. and Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Appendix Table 1: Between-Subjects Factors Between-Subjects Factors Value Label N collplan 1 none 178 2 teacher college 38 3 agricultural college 4 4 engineering college 29 5 liberal arts 59 6 music/arts 11 7 university 88 8 other 57 9 no plans yet 38 10 10 1 Table 2: Descriptive Statistics for â€Å"Collplan† Descriptive Statistics collplan Mean Std. Deviation N abstract none 8.94 2.616 178 teacher college 10.37 2.509 38 agricultural college 7.25 2.500 4 engineering college 10.17 2.156 29 liberal arts 9.97 3.129 59 music/arts 10.09 2.914 11 university 10.37 2.709 88 other 9.74 2.482 57 no plans yet 8.84 2.881 38 10 11.00 . 1 Total 9.59 2.735 503 creative none 8.62 3.378 178 teacher college 9.68 3.557 38 agricultural college 11.50 4.796 4 engineering college 12.48 3.203 29 liberal arts 11.61 4.115 59 music/arts 9.09 4.636 11 university 11.19 3.977 88 other 9.58 3.822 57 no plans yet 8.82 3.220 38 10 15.00 . 1 Total 9.89 3.870 503 Table 3: Estimated Marginal Means and Related 95% Confidence Intervals for Collplan collplan Dependent Variable collplan Mean Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound abstract none 8.944 .201 8.549 9.338 teacher college 10.368 .434 9.515 11.222 agricultural college 7.250 1.339 4.619 9.881 engineering college 10.172 .497 9.195 11.150 liberal arts 9.966 .349 9.281 10.651 music/arts 10.091 .808 8.504 11.678 university 10.375 .286 9.814 10.936 other 9.737 .355 9.040 10.434 no plans yet 8.842 .434 7.988 9.696 10 11.000 2.678 5.737 16.263 creative none 8.624 .275 8.084 9.163 teacher college 9.684 .594 8.516 10.852 agricultural college 11.500 1.832 7.901 15.099 engineering college 12.483 .680 11.146 13.820 liberal arts 11.610 .477 10.673 12.547 music/arts 9.091 1.105 6.920 11.261 university 11.193 .391 10.426 11.961 other 9.579 .485 8.625 10.532 no plans yet 8.816 .594 7.648 9.984 10 15.000 3.664 7.801 22.199 Table 4: Box’s M Test Box’s Test of Equality of Covariance Matricesa Box’s M 23.586 F .925 df1 24 df2 3373.800 Sig. .568 Tests the null hypothesis that the observed covariance matrices of the dependent variables are equal across groups. a. Design: Intercept + collplan Table 5: Multivariate Tests- Wilk’s Lambda Multivariate Testsc Effect Value F Hypothesis df Error df Sig. Intercept Pillai’s Trace .684 532.157a 2.000 492.000 .000 Wilks’ Lambda .316 532.157a 2.000 492.000 .000 Hotelling’s Trace 2.163 532.157a 2.000 492.000 .000 Roy’s Largest Root 2.163 532.157a 2.000 492.000 .000 collplan Pillai’s Trace .153 4.542 18.000 986.000 .000 Wilks’ Lambda .851 4.603a 18.000 984.000 .000 Hotelling’s Trace .171 4.663 18.000 982.000 .000 Roy’s Largest Root .138 7.570b 9.000 493.000 .000 Exact statistic The statistic is an upper bound on F that yields a lower bound on the significance level. Design: Intercept + collplan Table 6: Levene’s Test Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variancesa F df1 df2 Sig. abstract .844 9 493 .576 creative 1.400 9 493 .185 Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups. a. Design: Intercept + collplan Table 7: Test of Between-Subjects Effects Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Source Dependent Variable Type III Sum of Square s df Mean Square F Sig. Corrected Model abstract 218.894a 9 24.322 3.390 .000 creative 898.919b 9 99.880 7.440 .000 Intercept abstract 6326.276 1 6326.276 881.844 .000 creative 7822.492 1 7822.492 582.683 .000 collplan abstract 218.894 9 24.322 3.390 .000 creative 898.919 9 99.880 7.440 .000 Error abstract 3536.740 493 7.174 creative 6618.497 493 13.425 Total abstract 50020.000 503 creative 56763.000 503 Corrected Total abstract 3755.634 502 creative 7517.416 502 a. R Squared =.058 (Adjusted R Squared =.041) b. R Squared =.120 (Adjusted R Squared =.104) This essay on One-Way Manova was written and submitted by user Shania Kerr to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

5 interview questions you shouldn’t ask potential employees

5 interview questions you shouldn’t ask potential employees We talk a lot about what questions interviewees should be prepared to answer, but what if you’re on the other side of that equation? Are there any danger zone questions (or just plain ineffective) questions you shouldn’t ask? There definitely are, and they range from inappropriate to downright illegal. Let’s look at some of them. 1. How old are you?Age is always a no-no in an interview. Even if the interviewee mentions it themselves or you can deduce the age based on their resume, you can’t ask about it or use it as a factor in the hiring decision. Per the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA), it’s illegal to use age as a discriminating factor in hiring. So by mentioning age, you’re opening the door to potential legal consequences for your company- whether you’re just making small talk or not.2. Are you married/do you have kids?Again, illegal, even if it’s just small talk. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) forbids using gender or family status as an element in hiring someone for a role. A question about family status could make the interviewee think you’re fishing to see if she is planning to take maternity leave, or a question about marriage could make the interviewee think you’re trying to determine sexual orientation. It’s best to leave it alone and find other ways to make small talk. And you don’t want to risk making the interviewee feel uncomfortable about having to discuss personal issues. It’s better all around to keep discussion limited to professional areas.3. If You Were a [blank], what kind of [blank] would you be?This one isn’t illegal, by any stretch. It’s just not a very useful or effective interview question. Knowing which kind of tree the interviewer identifies with or which former member of One Direction they’d like to be doesn’t tell you much of anything about how they’d approach the job at hand. Whenever possible, you should avoid filler questions like these.4. What’s your salary history?What a candidate made before is largely immaterial to what they’d make at your company, unless you’re trying to take the easy way out and determine how low you can go, salary-wise. Either way, it’s not a terribly appropriate or relevant thing to ask someone who’s applying for a specific job. It could put the interviewee on the defensive and steer the conversation away from the job itself.5. What’s your biggest weakness?If you ask this, you’re not going to get a 100% truthful answer. Candidates are on to this game, so you’re going to get an answer with spin on it. No one is going to say â€Å"Yeah, I’m just not good at motivating myself to get work done in the morning† or â€Å"I make a lot of careless mistakes.† And does the spin answer like â€Å"I am too much of a perfectionist† really help you make this hiring decision?When you’re the interviewer and have all the power, it’s important to make sure you’re making a good faith effort to ask the right questions to get someone hired. The last thing you want to do is open legal cans of worms for your company or ask questions that just don’t tell you much about the person you’re hiring to fill this job. Learning to become a great interviewer is just as much a skill as learning to become a great interviewee, and the more you work on what to avoid, the more effective you’ll be.

Capital Punishment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Capital Punishment - Research Paper Example According to recent statistics only 58 countries actively practice capital punishment, while 96 countries have abolished it. This goes on to show the changing trends in the global arena where countries have opted to treat their prisoners in a more civilized manner instead of using inhumane ways of executing them. Capital punishment is a topic of active controversy and debate in various countries, and positions vary drastically within a single political ideology, cultural region, religion and government entities. EU member states are prohibited the use of capital punishment as stated in their Charter of Fundamental Rights. Amnesty International considers most countries abolitionist now since United Nations has taken steps to eradicate Capital Punishment. Nevertheless, it is interesting to know that more than 60% of the world’s population currently lives in countries where death penalty is used on a regular basis as a means of punishment for serious offenders. These countries in clude China, India, US and Indonesia, which are also the four most populous countries in the world. The most common way of performing capital punishment in the US is by lethal injection. Hanging, gas chamber and electric chair have become less popular as they are regarded more painful for the victim. More historical ways of executing include breaking wheel, slow slicing in China, firing squad and beheading. A very prominent way to punish people in France during the 18th century was beheading them. A special purpose â€Å"guillotine† was made in which the decapitation was made fast and easy. Thousands were beheaded in front of public gatherings to give everybody a lesson to never forget. In 2010, there were a total of 46 executions in the US, 44 by lethal injection and one each by electric chair and firing squad. Latest polls by The Gallup Organization show that 61% of Americans favored Capital Punishment in cases of murder while 35% opposed it. The opponents of death penalty opt for life in prison without parole as a better and more humane option than taking away the life of a human being. The Supreme Court of US essentially nullified the death penalty in 1972 and ordered the conversion of the death sentences of hundreds of death row inmates to life in prison. Nevertheless, a future ruling by Supreme Court in 1976 declared capital punishment to be a part of Constitution and therefore allowed states to reinstate it under certain circumstances. (Times, 2011) Hence, from 1976 to 2009 there have been roughly 1,160 executions in the US. China tops the list of most executions in one year, with nearly 1,700 executions in 2008 alone while Iran and Saudi Arabia followed by 346 and 102 executions each. United States is ranked 4th in 2008 with an estimated 37 executions. This number varies from year to year within the same range but opponents of capital punishment struggle to abolish execution from the legal proceedings of the court’s verdict. This decreasi ng trend in the execution by lethal injection can be attributed to one prominent factor that is the shortage of one of the three drugs that is used in most lethal injections. This national shortage backed by reluctant European manufacturers has created a sense of disarray among several prison authorities who have run out of doses to carry out their pending executions. This has resulted in several delays as international groups and communities continue to persuade US government to completely abolish capital punishment

International trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

International trade - Essay Example History of Globalization: An Overview Economic historians have better approaches regarding the concept of globalization. According to O’ Rourke and Williamson (1996: 499- 530), the world economic condition was well organized and exceptionally well integrated even by the standards of late 20th century. Next to it, world historians further elaborate that the phenomenon of globalization stretches back to quite a few centuries. According to a famous socialist and economic historian, Andre Gunder Frank (1998), â€Å"there was a single global world economy with a worldwide division of labor and multilateral trade from 1500 onward.† On the other hand, Jerry Bentley (1999: 5-9) argued that ‘single global economy’ even existed before 1500. ... concepts also match with the concept of Adam Smith who considered these two events as the most significant parts of recorded history that had strongly influenced the economy and society of the world (Tracy, 1990: 1- 13). However, the historian of modern period has diverse approach in this regard. For example, according to Menard (1991: 228- 75), the globalization boom appeared with transport revolution and before 1800; the overall world economy was badly integrated while Immanuwl Wallerstein considers that the European economy in sixteenth century brought forward the phenomenon of economic globalization that stood upon the mode of capitalist production (Wallerstein, 1974). He further believes that various countries like Russia, India, West Africa and the Ottoman Empire became the part of ‘one global economy’ somewhere between 1750 and 1850. This was the time period when trade among these countries carried out in bulk. However, whatever the time period of globalization in actual; there are abundant of evidences that support that 19th century held a very huge globalization bang where international trade expanded all over the world. From above mentioned detail, it can be easily observed that the basic aim behind all the process of globalization was just to develop business operations worldwide. This was also to facilitate the global communication which is a result of advancements in technology and technical knowledge. The objective behind the whole process is just to provide a superior competitive situation to an organization with lesser possible operating costs in order to produce greater number of goods and services as well as consumers. In order to gain this approach, resources are diversified, new investment prospects are developed by opening new markets and

Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Abortion - Essay Example These untruths have been widely perceived as facts. In addition, the Founding Fathers of this nation intended to shape not only the legal but the moral direction of American society as well when they drafted the Constitution, the document that defines the laws of the nation. If they were alive today, the Founders clearly would be against the killing of innocent victims for reasons of convenience. There is little freedom of choice for women who are experiencing an unwanted pregnancy. The women themselves usually wish to bring their baby to full term. Other powerful influences in her life such as husbands/boyfriends, parents and friends are generally the forces that exact pressures on her to terminate the pregnancy. â€Å"Eight out of 10 women surveyed after abortion said they would have given birth if they’d had support and encouragement from family and friends† (Reardon, 2002). It’s the abortion that, in many cases, is unwanted by the woman, not the baby. Most often, the father of the child, not wishing to accept responsibility, may beg or even threaten a woman until she agrees to the abortion. â€Å"In 95 percent of all cases the male partner played a central role in the decision† (Zimmerman, 1977). This and other studies have illustrated clearly that most women decide against their own conscience. Legal abortion enables fathers to force their will on mothers. Some women resort to abortion in desperation because they fear continued abuse. That fear is substantiated as women who refuse to abort have been subjected to serious abuses which have escalated to murder if the women still persists in her refusal. Murder is the leading cause of death for pregnant women and for what other motive could there be? â€Å"Sixty-four percent of women surveyed report being pressured by others into unwanted abortions† (Reardon, 1992).   Ã‚  Immediately following an abortion, the one(s)

Green Postcolonial Reading in Kocharethi

Green Postcolonial Reading in Kocharethi The present paper proceeds from the conviction that postcolonialism and ecocriticism have a great deal to gain from one another. It tries to spell out some of the obvious differences between the two critical schools, search for grounds that allow a productive overlap between them and define green postcolonialism. The paper then attempts a comparative green postcolonial reading of the first novel in Malayalam by an Adivasi/tribal, namely Narayans Kocharethi (1998) and Mother Forest (2004) the autobiography of the Adivasi/tribal activist, C.K. Janu. This juxtaposition raises vital questions regarding the plight of Keralas (the southernmost state of India) indigenous people in a postcolonial nation. The legacy of colonial modernity, language, education, nationalism, gendered subalternity, cultural history and ecopolitics is examined within the framework of green postcolonialism, thereby indicating the moral urgency for a fruitful alliance between the two critical schools of postcolonial ism and ecocriticism to envision an alternative future. The changes associated with globalization have led to the rapid extension and intensification of capital alongwith an acceleration of the destruction of the environment and a growing gap between the rich and the poor. This has had a significant impact on the terrain in which postcolonialism and ecocriticism operate.While both ecocriticism and postcolonialism are committed to locating the text in the world, they conceive of both world and text in radically different ways. In keeping with a commitment to recognize the land as more than a scape, but a picture and a story in which humans participate along with other life forms, ecocritical conceptions of the world tend to privilege non-urban settings, in which those other life forms predominate. Postcolonial criticism tends to envision the world through urban eyes; an obvious historical explanation being the arrival of Third world intellectuals in the metropolitan centres of the First World. Postcolonial theory has frequently asserted the value of positionality in order to foreground the politics of discursive authority. Positionality has generally been thought to include race, gender, sexuality, and class but has more recently come to include geographical and biotic space. In an era of increasing ecological degradation, the mutually constitutive relationship between social inequity and environmental problems has become more stark and vivid. If pressing environmental crises have spurred the development of environmental criticism in literary studies, the increasing awareness of how such crises have been and will continue to disproportionally impact the vulnerable populations of the postcolonial world have made the nexus of postcolonialism and ecocriticism a particularly urgent area of study. Yet, this intersection is fraught with danger. Ecocriticism has been developed primarily from the perspective of Western critics using Anglo-American literature and has often worked from assumptions, common in Western environmental movements, which are extremely problematic in postcolonial contexts. Different conceptualizations of individual places extend to different ways of conceiving the relationship between the local and the global. While stressing the importance of local place, ecocriticism gains its global focus by encompassing the very earth it studies. Postcolonialism also recognizes an interplay between the local and the global, but in a more cautious, indirect way. Wary of the ideological and material implications of globalizing impulses, postcolonialism admits the force of the global in a way that explicitly prohibits its recuperation into a formula that confirms the place of the individual in a universal order, either of nature or culture. The global and the local come together, not by the way of simple synecdoche, or the relationship between macrocosm and microcosm, but in a way such that each interrupts and distorts the other, thereby refusing the possibility of concrete platial or abstract global belonging (OBrien 142). Rob Nixon points out four main schisms between the dominant concerns of postcolonialists and ecocritics. First, postcolonialists have tended to foreground hybridity and cross-culturation. Ecocritics on the other hand, have historically been drawn more to discourses of purity: virgin wilderness and the preservation of uncorrupted last great places. Second, postcolonial writing and criticism largely concern themselves with displacement, while environmental literary studies has tended to give priority to the literature of place. Third , and relatedly, postcolonial studies has tended to favour the cosmopolitan and the transnational. Postcolonialists are typically critical of nationalism, whereas the canons of environmental literature and criticism have developed within a national (and often nationalistic) American framework. Fourth, postcolonialism has devoted considerable attention to excavating or reimagining the marginalized past: history from below and border histories, often along t ransnational axes of migrant memory. By contrast, within much environmental literature and criticism, something different happens to history. It is often repressed or subordinated to the pursuit of timeless, solitary moments of communion with nature (235). Attempts to distinguish between postcolonialism and ecocriticim are always likely to be perilous; and it is against this uncertain historical background that green postcolonialism has made its recent entrance into the critical -theoretical fray. What is green postcolonialism? Graham Huggan and Helen Tiffin provisionally define the field in terms of those forms of environmentally oriented postcolonial criticism which insist on the factoring of cultural difference into both historical and contemporary ecological and bioethical debates (9). Differentiated experiences of colonialism provide the main historical link here. They also point out a continuing environmentalist insufficiency of postcolonial literary and cultural texts which also works the other way round with postcolonial ecocriticism serving to highlight the work of non-European authors or critiquing the Euro-American biases of certain versions of environmentalist thought (9). Both fields articulate historically situated critiques of capitalist ideologies of development. They also combine a political concern for the abuses of authority with an ethical commitment to improving the conditions of the oppressed. Green postcolonialism brings out a truism that clearly applies to, but is not always clearly stated in, the different strands of both postcolonialism and ecocriticism: no social justice without environmental justice; and without social justice-for all ecological beings-no justice at all. Postcolonial criticism, despite what might still be seen as an unduly anthropocentric bias, offers a valuable corrective to a variety of universalist ecological claims-the unexamined claim of equivalence among all ecological beings, irrespective of material circumstances and the peremptory conviction, itself historically conditioned, that global ethical considerations should override local cultural concerns (Huggan 720). Subaltern Studies as history from the lower rungs of society is marked by a freedom from the restrictions imposed by the nation state. Gramsci speaks of the subalterns incapability to think of the nation. Once it becomes possible for the subaltern to imagine the state, he transcends the conditions of subalternity. A consciousness of subject positions and voices can re-empower languages, deconstruct histories, and create new texts of more dense dialogical accomplishment. Part of the project of postcolonial theory would be to push literary texts into this shifting arena of discursiveness, thus enabling new stands of counter narratives and counter contexts to shape themselves and complicate binarist histories. But polysemic, anticolonial subjectivities and their energies, which defy the definitions of the colonizer, are muted and translated into a monolithic national identity, articulated in the rhetoric of Nationalism in Kocharethi, a Malayalam novel on the Malayaraya tribe by Narayan (1998). The tribals of Kerala are never identified as Malayalis. Unique in itself-their lifestyles and languages are significantly different from that of the dominant mainstream. Narayans Kocharethi, the first novel in Malayalam by an Adivasi, is an historical intervention where, far from being the objects of history, the Adivasis now become its new subjects. Narayan,himself a Malayaraya, does not attempt to depict the historical or mythical spheres of the tribal experience. Instead, he unravels, fifty or sixty years entwined with his own life situations. He deftly challenges the incorrect representations of the Adivasis in contemporary cinema, television and publications. The life described in the novel, with all rituals, ceremonies, customs, faith, institutions of marriage, food, clothing and shelter, recall the period prior to the Renaissance in Kerala. Mans raw encounter with the forces of nature is vividly portrayed. The forest is not only life-generating but also life-consuming. Kocharethi is a brilliant account of the life and nature of the Malayaraya tribe. Marriages occurred between cousins. Women always carried sickles and wre unafraid to kill anyone who molested them. If unable to do that, the very same sickle ended their lives. They were in charge of their sexuality. The arrival of colonial modernity converted forests into reserved forests and plantations. Destruction of the old order,and the onset of a new one created identity crises. Kochuraman, the medicine-man, had always used animal fat. But he later resorts to soda-water and moves to the medical college for treatment. The nuances of this transition in the life of the Malayaraya tribe is poignantly captured by Narayan. The feudal landlord, the king and the British Raj are symbols of the various stages of this transition. The oppressive power of nascent laws and authority perplex and terrify the tribals. Apart from nature, humans also torture them. The Malayarayas were cheated in prices and weights of their forest products when the currencies and measures changed into the British system. This cancerous exploitation by civil society forced them to search for education. Kochupillai the teacher leads them into the light of letters. The dream of a government job, migration into the city, love-marriages all follow. Christian proselytisations also occur, creating a hybid of New Christians- always prefixed by the term arayan. Kocharethi takes place at the fag end of this phase, in the early half of the twentieth century. It encloses a space of transition from the colonial to the post colonial within the imagined boundaries of the nation state. Thus, situated in a later milieu of Indian history, Kocharethi in a way addresses the questions of acculturation and education of the subaltern, in short of the subalterns translation as appropriation. Education as a necessary ploy for moulding homogenous identities came packaged with the label promising equality and liberty. But the subaltern aspires for education in order to be liberated from the land and its woes. Kocharethi is filled with the new subaltern dream of a government job. Narayan makes a feeble attempt to parody this process of modernizing the tribal. But the novel fails in demarcating a political position opposing colonial modernity (Pillai par13). Kocharethi reveals the slow acculturation of the native into the economy, culture and politics of the nation state. The native in Kocharethi falls prey to the project of colonial modernity, which the new Indian state sets out to continue in order to prove its capability to self-rule. Kocharethi depicts the plight of the native subaltern caught in the regulative politics of the infallible nation state, and betrayed by the promise of the participatory citizenship, struggling to find voice amidst the homogenized Babel of nationalist discourses. State hegemony, nationalist ideology, dominant language and cultural interpellation all collude to construct the native of Kocharethi as a passive subject (Pillai par16). Kocharethi embraces and enhances the task of colonial modernity to instill middle class values and bourgeois virtues into the gendered nationalsubaltern subject. The new woman, conscious of her identity, is at the same time out of her roots. As Parvathy, the educated subaltern migrates to the city, the narrative, in an allegorical twist leaves Kochuraman and Kunjipennu stranded in a government hospital, at the mercy of state welfare aids. Thus one sees the articulation of gender being translated into a different idiom by the interventions of the modern state. Narayan assumes a nationalist identity by which he sees education of subaltern women as necessary but not at the cost of losing the essence of their femininity and culture. The women of Kocharethi have no role in the struggle for independence. As Parvathy inhabits the secure space of her home, Madhavan and his comrades go out into the public domain to free the nation, thus lending their subaltern identities to structure the hege mony of a patriarchal nationalist culture. Meena T. Pillai points out that a close reading of Kocharethi reveals the nuances through which gender and ethic relations become inextricably linked to the formation of the Indian state(par 22). The novel provides a framework to picture the formation of India as a sovereign, socialist, democratic, republic, where native and gender identities are subsumed and tokenized to strengthen the unifying logic of the nation. Language is a fundamental site of struggle in subaltern discourses resisting translation, because colonization begins in language. The evident pull towards colonial modernity and nationalist themes in Kocharethi is found in its language too, which is very near to standard Malayalam, the disjunctions being minimal. There is no attempt to capture the linguistic and cultural ethos of the language of the Malayaraya tribe (Pillai par 23). The subaltern community in Kocharethi, having lost its language, having been translated and co-opted into the dominant discourse, has also lost the power to name. Parvathi, Madhavan, Narayanan all names of upper caste Hindu gods, speak of the silencing a culture. A community devoid of its language is a community devoid of dignity. Kocharethi is a giving in, a passive surrender to the larger history of the nation state(Pillai par 26). In postcolonial parlance to have a history is to have a legitimate existence but the text denies itself in this legitimacy of being, in Kocharethi the subaltern is deftly muted by the dominant discourse. The discourse of the colonial modernity and the nation state that one finds in Kocharethi co-opts the native and re-fashions him/her according to the norms of the dominant culture. Subaltern translations of the lingo of the nation and nationalism thus become acts of cultural displacement. Claiming the nation in the language also means being claimed by the nation. no one knows the forest like we do, the forest is mother to us, more than a mother because she never abandons us (Bhaskaran 5). The Life Story of C.K. Janu, is an oral life history, transmitted through a mediator, and illustrates the efforts of the non-literate or non-literary to tell her story. This text provides an opportunity to explore how a woman views herself and how her self-perceptions have in turn affected the choices she has made in her life. Janu, is a tribal activist who wages bitter struggles against the government for the land rights of tribal groups. She received no formal education but became actively involved in the literacy campaign in Kerala and learned to read and write, proving herself to be a natural leader. Her work focuses on the promotion and defense of human rights, peace activism, and the demands of the landless tribal people of Kerala. She was part of the three-member delegation from India on a European tour organized by the Global Action Group, and the lone representative from India at conference in Geneva organized by the United Nations in (1999), as well as an active participant in the second Global Action Group conference held at Bangalore in 2000. By sharing her own vision of survival and ideas on the strategies to achieve positive development, she is serving as a voice for her community which has been silenced for centuries. In her autobiographical narration, Janu gives a passionate account of her struggle to get back the lands of which they were dispossessed. Without any means of earning a proper livelihood, her people fear that they risk losing their identity also. The forest meant everything to the tribal groups. Janu speaks of her childhood and her life in the forest, then as a maid in a teachers home .Her involvement with the literacy programme and other social activities lead to her political awakening. She became a worker for the communist party, but was soon disillusioned by the partys hidden agendas and attitude towards her community. She is well aware of the fact that forest flower beetles cannot argue with city microphones that make great noise, but she will fight unto death for the restoration of the rights of her people. Her narration is an eloquent testimonial to her convictions and courage in mobilizing a protest against the government to restore the alienated land to the tribal people, enabling them to regain their sense of identity. The first part of the book deals more with her inner world and conjures before us a holistic world view where nature and human commingle. The sights of the forest like, the hills catching fire, rains falling like a woman with her hair -shorn, the wild water all blood-red gushing angrily(2), the depth and beauty of darkness and moonlight, flowers blossoming are all enthralling. But the sights of civilzation like Vellamunda with unfamiliar pathways strange hills and little streams. and fields with strange looking ridges that did not look like ours(7) are disturbing, The forest is never quiet. Streams are always gushing, the woods mumble, winds howl, frogs croak and creatures cry. The tribal instruments chini and thudi create their own distinctive notes. But civil society has its radios, motor pumps, loudspeakers and school children to offset this harmony. The smell of virgin earth coupled with that of hunger dominates the forest. Janu remembers vividly that when her mother used to come and visit her in Vellamunda she brought the smell of our huts with her(12) The earth has different smells in different seasons(13) and gives out its scent only when worked upon. Again culture with its chemicals, church fumes, clothes and vehicles is nauseating. More than thirty different kinds of plants, crops and fruits are mentioned. Rice, kappa, chena, kachil, karappayam, mothangappayam, honey, tubers, banana are some of them.Insects, fish, crabs, snakes, elephants, pigs, all give company. The lifestyle described is always full of activity. Rest seems to be unknown. The very first paragraph itself describes around twenty different activities. Here is a single sentence describing work, only after sowing germinating tilling transplanting weeding watering standing guard reaping carrying threshing and making mounds of grain would the jenmi make his appearance(15). The sentences in the first chapter do not start with capitals. Upper cases appear only when an item from civil society is mentioned. For example:Dhotis and Shirts (5) Even the i is in the lower casea true technique indicating holism and dwarfing anthropocentrism. Commas are absent between varied items signifying that dualities are insignificant as in carrying dung to the fields digging up the soil with spades sowing pulling out the seedlings transplanting them weeding watering reaping carrying the sheaves of corn and such (1). Here language does not merely reflect reality but also actively creates it. Lives are strongly interlinked with Nature, the earth and the trees. There was no formal educational system, the forest was everythingguide, guardian and philosopher. Slowly, there came people to take the children to tribal hostels. Janus sister was one to face a similar fate. The conditions of these residential schools and hostels were terrible. They were unclean and lacked buildings, water and electricity. There were no proper toilets or bathrooms. Food and uniforms were rarities. Seeping sewage water invited diseases. The government never cared for the Adivasi children. The narration may be in a prelapsarian tongue very different from what academic establishments expect for a life narration. Such life narrations may be hard to identify with, for those who have not suffered (Menon par 16). Janus autobiographical narration, presented as an extended conversation with an editor, conveys her lack of compromise in her assertions. The shifts in tone, pauses or changes in diction reflect her refusal to erase the inevitable gaps and fissures of the actual narrative events. She is not positioned as a cultural icon, but as an ordinary individual with strong communal feelings (Menon par17). This narration, boldly resists taken for granted attitudes towards these neglected segments of the population and speak for them. Thus, through the narration an effort to locate themselves as a subject, leaving behind the object status to which cultural identities have confined them is made. This text illustrates the need for a revisionary method of reading the discourses of people regarded as marginal to the dominant literary tradition. It also prompts one to re assess the psychological simplicity attributed to marginalized groups. The autobiographical narration of Janu is not merely a retrospective summation of past events and experiences. She genuinely wishes to change the state of affairs in the community to which she belongs. Janu is also aware of her limitations in face of the power plays of a manipulative society. Her narration ends with a desire to know herself more. She wishes to position herself in a more liberated future, not only for her own individual benefit but for the welfare of her community as a whole. The story of Janu acknowledges that each aspect of reality is gendered. She often reminds the readers that within womens experiences there are variety of subject positions and voices to be heard and represented. Hers is a humble attempt to evolve a subaltern essence. It brings an anonymous collectivity to the front of the stage, with great courage, no longer assuming the role assigned to them but asserting their own right to a voice and a part in the action,which deviates from a fixed object position which is culturally intelligible, purposefully locating themselves as subjects and revolutionizing earlier autobiographical writing norms, demanding attention and respect. Development paradigms and development goals which lead to the management of natural resources without the participation and consent of the natural resource communities have to be vehemently criticised. Mainstream right / left political parties do not address the concerns of the communities facing social and market exclusions by neoliberal economic policies. Thus, a subaltern ecopolitics wakes up in its stead. The Adivasi is represented as one who is unable to speak and who is to be benevolently rehabilitated, protected, developed and slowly integrated into civil society. This representation as a people without voice silences them. Hence, if an Adivasi like Janu speaks, it cannot be her voice but someone elses from outside! Orientalist stereotyping on one had portrays them as innocent, naive, nature loving, uncorrupted by modernity and on the other hand as immoral, drunkards and wretched living beings. The Adivasi is thus an eternal other, defenselessly marginalized and unrepresentabl e. The monolithic representation of Adivasis distort their plurality and prevent the expression of their anxieties. While migrant land encroachments are natural and legitimised, the Adivasi struggle becomes unnatural and criminal. Janu is a symbol that defies conventional right/left binaries. For her, the personal indeed becomes the political. No political history of Kerala can now be written bypassing her. She disturbs us. Nature cannot be mystically revered when Dalits and Adivasis are shot dead, nor can one be slaves to revolutionary principles that hide casteist ecological implications. It is only Janus realm of Adivasi/Dalit/Green/Feminist politics that can problematize caste, tribe, gender, class and ecological parameters. She has helped redefine the concept of an Adivasi from simple, helpless, illiterate, and uncivilised into one ready to struggle for the basic rights to live. Thus, reading Kocharethi and Mother Forest within a green postcolanial framework raises a lot of vital questions regarding the plight of Keralas indigenous people in a postcolonial nation. It also indicates the moral urgency for a fruitful alliance between the two critical schools of postcolonialism and ecocriticism to envision an alternative future.

Catabolic Relationships Essay example -- Literary Analysis, Bill Boast

As seen in many stories throughout history, love and relationships have perpetually been complicated. The themes of tragic sacrifices in the relationships of Marc Antony and Cleopatra, King Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson, and Layla and Majnun are continued in modern literature. Sacrifice is a theme that has, and forever will be prevalent in literature because it is an admirable deed, yet requires a perfect balance. Careful analysis of the relationships in the post-modern short stories Coda by Will Boast, How We Handle Pain by Evan James Roskos, and Okeechobee by Claudia Zuluaga, produces a rich understanding of the universal truth that relationships require not just sacrifice, but harmonious immolation. When introduced in Will Boast’s short story, Coda, Tim and Kate’s relationship has already failed. The couple dated for years and got engaged, but eventually called off the engagement. As the story progresses, Tim reflects on both the merit of the relationship and the cause of its failure. After breaking into Kate’s apartment, Tim searches for and finds his old engagement ring. He gazes at the gold symbol of unending love, and then sees a picture of him and Kate beside it. â€Å"I was looking straight into the camera, but Kate was turned to me with a shy smile on her face. My favorite picture of her. You could see she was in love† (Boast 4). Even after six months of separation, Tim thirsts for his lost love. Though he recognizes the chaotic, uncooperative environment, in which the relationship was nourished. Kate is a lawyer and Tim is a musician, leading them to live, â€Å"disjointed lives, but for a long time that didn’t matter. Kate would leave the apartment at seven every morning, eager to make an impression at her new practice. At noo... ...ely needed to accept her actions and participate in sacrifice by giving back. Indeed, love is often described as sacrifice, but a more fitting definition is unmistakably, a balance of sacrifice. In these short stories, the common failure of a relationship, due to the lack of sacrifice, the common unhappiness, as a result of too much (or undesired) sacrifice, and the common unworthy attitude and refusal to sacrifice, are all exemplified. In a relationship, the idea is that two become one -thus, requiring some surrender- but the two must not forget their former identities. Truly, for a successful relationship, sacrificial equilibrium must be found; for at equilibrium, the reactants and the product are able to coexist. Each person must give up parts of their former self for the relationship to properly function, but one’s own identity must not be completely forgone.